The borders within: Mobility and enclosure in the Riau Islands1

Abstract: The border studies literature makes a strong case against claims for unfettered transnationalism and ‘borderlessness’ in our ‘globalising world’. However, its focus on movement across borders means that it fails to address bordering practices that occur within the nation‐state as a result of transnational activity. In this paper, we extend Cunningham and Heyman’s concepts ‘enclosure’ and ‘mobility’ to confront the different layers of bordering (both physical and non‐physical) that have occurred in Indonesia’s Riau Islands since they became part of the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle.     

Productivity and profitability of multistrata organic versus conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica

In areas where traditional multistrata coffee systems have been transformed to systems with patchy or no shade at all, often dependent on high chemical inputs, ecological and socioeconomic degradation has become an increasing issue. During the 1990s, rising environmental and health concerns have promoted the interest in organic production systems and their environmental services for natural resource conservation. This study compared productivity, profitability, producer-defined constraints, and goals and research priorities between ten individually paired organic and conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica. Although five of the organic farms matched or exceeded the production of their conventional counterparts, the three-year mean yield of the organic farms as a group was 22% lower than that of the conventional farms. However, excluding organic certification costs, mean variable costs and net income (NI) were similar for both groups, mainly because organic price premiums received by the farmers compensated for lower yields. If current organic certification costs are included, the price premiums paid to organic producers would have to increase to 38% in order to equal the NI from conventional coffee. Conventional farmers indentified low and unstable prices as the main constraints to sustained production and stated further intensification of production as their main goal. In contrast, the key issues for future development of the organic group centered on farm diversification, agroecological self-sufficiency, and agronomic practices that permit organic farm management. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

农业机械化主要制约因素的制度创新研究

农业机械化是农业现代化建设的重要内容，其发展受很多因素的影响和制约。其中，耕地规模化经营是农机化发展的必要条件，资金投入是农机化发展的财政基础，农村剩余劳动力转移规模是农机化发展的客观前提。为此，在广泛研究国内外文献资料的基础上，提出了土地、资金和劳动力转移制度创新的建议和对策。     

农民工社会保障相对独立性初探

以农民工社会保障体系与城镇、农村社会保障体系的关系为研究视角,提出了在现阶段农民工社会保障应相对独立于城镇社会保障体系和农村社会保障体系,这是农民工职业、身份、风险的变化的要求,是农民工社会保障不宜纳入城镇社会保障体系的现实选择。在此基础上,本文还提出建立相对独立的农民工社会保障体系的基本框架:即以工伤保险为先,医疗保险、失业保险、养老保险、最低保障为主,内容逐步扩充。     

粮食生产中农业机械与劳动力的替代弹性分析

基于CES生产函数,利用我国1978-2008年的统计数据,实证分析了粮食生产中农业机械总动力与劳动力投入之间的关系。结果表明:单位播种面积农业机械总动力与劳动力投入之间确实具有一定的替代关系,但目前农业劳动力投入量依然是影响我国粮食生产产量的重要因素,而农业机械替代劳动的作用不大。     

农村劳动力供给灰色预测

农民就业是解决"三农问题"的关键,而农村劳动力供给是影响农民充分就业的直接因素,科学预测农村劳动力未来供给对于解决农民就业问题意义重大.为此,将农村劳动力供给作为一个系统进行研究,采用灰色系统预测的方法对农村劳动力进行预测,旨在为劳动力供给预测提供一种科学的方法.通过对黑龙江省农村劳动力的研究得知,黑龙江农村劳动力总量将不断增长,而男女劳动力参与率差距将进一步缩小.     

农业机械化发展战略规划的过程方法研究

农业机械化发展战略规划是一个复杂系统问题,需要有一个科学可行的过程步骤,才能使战略规划问题顺利地开展.依据系统工程的理论与方法,在充分认识农业机械化系统的边界范围、结构关系、特征要求的基础上,阐明了农业机械化发展战略规划所涉及的基本问题与求解技术,构建了相应的过程方法,提出了每个阶段所需要的技术方法和求解问题.     

Progress of ELMO family on malignant tumor invasion and metastasis

It is one of the main characters of malignant tumors that malignant tumor cells invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant tissues. Multiple factors are involved in this complicated dynamic process. Metastasis is the major factor influencing recurrence and prognosis. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism of invasion and metastasis for reducing recurrence rate and mortality of malignant tumors. Engulfment and cell mobility (ELMO) family is one kind of conserved protein in evolutional process. It includes 3 members, ELMO1, ELMO2 and ELMO3. The members of ELMO family play an important role in cell phagocytosis and cell migration, and they also have close correlation with malignant tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this paper, we review the progress of the relationship between ELMO family and malignant tumor invasion and metastasis.     

Changes in Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn Fractionation and Liberation Due to Mussel Shell Amendment on a Mine Soil

Mining activities are related to relevant environmental pollution issues that should be controlled. We used sequential extractions to fractionate Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn retained on unamended or mussel shell‐amended mine soil samples, all of them treated with a mixture of the five heavy metals (total metal concentration of 1·57 mmol L⁻¹), after 1, 7 and 30 days of incubation. In addition, we used the stirred flow chamber technique to study the release of each of the five heavy metals from these different unamended and shell‐amended soil samples. The results indicate that the shell amendment caused a decrease in the most soluble fraction, while increasing the most recalcitrant (least mobile) fraction. With equivalent implications, the stirred flow chamber experiments showed that mussel shell amendment was associated to a decrease in heavy metal release and increased retention. The highest mussel shell dose and incubation time caused the most relevant changes in pH values and thus in metal retention, also indicating the importance of pH modifications in the mechanism of retention acting in the amended samples. In view of these results, the use of mussel shell amendment can be encouraged to increase heavy metal retention in acid mine soils, in order to minimise risks of environmental pollution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Redistribution of 10B Absorbed by Leaves and Roots of Cashew Seedlings

Boron (B) is transported mainly in the xylem, but by using isotopic tracers it was possible to verify that B has significant mobility in the phloem of polyols-producing species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the mobility of ¹⁰B applied to cashew plants. The experiment was conducted from 05/10 to 07/10/2010 in a greenhouse of University of São Paulo State-UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, State of São Paulo, Brazil. 0.5 mg of B L^?1 of soil was used in the substrate. A solution of 255 mg of B L^?1 was used in recently mature and fully developed leaves. The total content of B and and percentage of boron in the plant derived from fertilizer (Bppf%) were evaluated in the old and new leaves stemming at 30 and 60 days after the application of ¹⁰B. As evidenced, B applied to leaves had restricted mobility in cashew tree. However, B applied in the substrate was absorbed and translocated to young leaves.